10 Apr 2018

REPORTED SPEECH III – QUESTIONS


 When we report a question we do an indirect question, so we don’t use the typical question structure (aux+subj+verb or inversion) but the “normal” one.

That is:

He asked if that was even a question.
 









Have a look at the British Council’s explanation.
Reported questions
When we report what people say, we usually change the tense of the verbs to reflect that we are reporting – not giving direct speech. This pattern is followed when we report questions and there are also other important changes between direct questions and reported questions.

Yes/no questions
·       Direct question: “Do you like working in teams?” Reported question: He asked if I like working in teams.
When we report yes/no questions we use ‘if’ or ‘whether’.
·       Direct question: “Did you enjoy the party?” Reported question: She asked me whether I’d enjoyed the party.
The tense of the verb changes as it does in reported speech but we don’t use auxiliary verbs. The word order is the same as in an affirmative sentence.

Questions with a question word
·       Direct question: “What time does the train leave?” Reported question: He asked what time the train left.
When there is a question word (what, where, why, who, when, how) we use that question word in the reported question but there is no auxiliary verb and the word order is like an affirmative sentence (‘what time the train left’ not He asked me what time did the train leave.)

Look at some more examples:
·       Direct question: “Who did you see?”
·       Reported question: She asked me who I’d seen.
·       Direct question: “Where did you go to school?”
·       Reported question: He asked me where I’d gone to school.
·       Direct question: “Why are you crying?”
·       Reported question: She asked him why he was crying.
Notice that the reported questions do not have a question mark at the end.

Indirect questions

Similar to reported questions are indirect questions.
·       Can you tell me what time the train leavesNOT Can you tell me what time does the train leave?
·       I’d love to know what he said to herNOT I’d love to know what did he say to her.

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/reported-questions



JUST, ALREADY, YET, NEVER and EVER

JUSTALREADY, YET, NEVER and EVER are usually used with perfect tenses (Present Perfect or Past Perfect).

Just: before the past participle
                I have just finished my book.

Already: generally in affirmative sentences and placed before the past participle
                I have already seen this film.

Yet: negative and interrogative sentences. Placed at the end of the sentence:
                I haven't started yet
                Have you finished yet?
Never: it implies negation, so we use it with its affirmative form.   
                She has never worked abroad

Ever: questions. 
                Have you ever done this?








9 Apr 2018

REPORTED SPEECH II

It is quite easy so far... right? Let's take it to the following :)

There are many reporting verbs apart from "say", which is extremely general. As our objective is to express ourselves as accurately as possible, let's see some specific reporting verbs we are going to need.

ADVISE "You should see a doctor"

    • Advise + someone + to + infinitive

      • She advised him to see a doctor.
    • Advise + (that) + clause
      • She advised that you see a doctor.

AGREE "All right, then, we'll meet tomorrow"

Agree + to + infinitive

  • We agreed to meet the following day.
Agree + (that) + clause
  • We agreed that we meet the following day


APOLOGISE

Apologise + (to + someone) + for + verb-ing

  • They apologised to us for being late.
  • She apologised for forgetting the book.
Apologise (+ to + someone) + for + noun
  • She apologised for the delay.


DECIDE

Decide + to + infinitive

  • They decided to go to the cinema.
Decide + (that) + clause
  • They decided that they would go to the cinema.


ENCOURAGE

Encourage + someone + to + infinitive

  • She encouraged him to take the exam again.
  • The teacher encouraged the students to ask questions.


EXPLAIN

Explain + (that) + clause

  • The teacher explained that the course was finished.
Explain + noun + to + someone
  • She explained the grammar to the students.
NOT: She explained me the grammar.

Explain + question word + to + infinitive

  • They explained how to buy a train ticket on the internet.
  • John explained where to find the restaurant.
Explain + question word + clause
  • We explained what the exams would cover.


INSIST*

Insist + on + verb-ing

  • He insisted on paying.
Insist + (that) + clause
  • He insisted that we sit down.



PROMISE

Promise + to + infinitive

  • He promised to arrive early.
Promise + (someone) + (that) + clause
  • I promised him that I wouldn't do it again.



RECOMMEND*

Recommend + verb-ing

  • I recommend visiting the British Museum while you're in London.
Recommend + (that) + clause
  • I recommend that you visit the British Museum



REMIND

Remind + someone + to + infinitive

  • She reminded him to take his keys.
Remind + someone + (that) + clause
  • They reminded me that there is a party tonight.



SUGGEST*

Suggest + verb-ing

  • I suggest leaving soon
Suggest + (that) + clause
  • I suggest that you come as soon as you can.
NOT: I suggest him to come.




WARN

Warn + someone + (not) + to + infinitive

  • I warned them not to go in the water.
Warn + someone + about + something
  • She warned us about the dangerous roads.
_____________________________________


Negatives
To make the verbs that we have reported negative, we need to look at the verb pattern:

  • When there's a clause, we make the negative in the usual way: She said that she didn't like ice cream.
  • When there's 'to + infinitive', we generally put 'not' before 'to': He promised not to do it again.
  • When there's 'verb-ing', we generally put 'not' in front of it: I advise not taking the bus.
* Advanced Point
In formal English, some verbs that are followed by '(that) + clause' use the infinitive instead of a present tense verb. Some people suggest that this is a kind of subjunctive in English. You only need to worry about this in very formal writing.

Mostly, this doesn't make a difference, because the present simple form in English is often the same as the infinitive form. But when the subject is 'he', 'she' or 'it' or when the verb is 'be', we can see it clearly.

  • I advise that he go to bed early. (Normally we'd expect: I advise that he goes to bed early.)
  • I insist that she come now. (Normally we'd expect: I insist that she comes now.)
  • They suggested that the cats be put in the garden for the night. (Normally we'd expect: They suggested that the cats are put in the garden for the night.)
PRACTICE
1
2
3
4

8 Apr 2018

REPORTED SPEECH I

Reported Speech (RS) or Indirect Style (IS) is used to say what other person said. We could say that it is somehow the "gossiping style". 

For instance:

DIRECT STYLE                                                  RS/IS






Eddard said that winter was coming

     





Watch Ronnie's explanation to get the whole picture





Notice that the reporting verb (said) is in past tense, so we have to change the other verbs tenses and also the temporal expression. 

VERB TENSES (backshift)




TEMPORAL&OTHER EXPRESSIONS


20 Nov 2017

LINKERS AND CONNECTORS




The following examples are available at this Blog on writing skills. It is a good blog to practice and plan a good writing.

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Linkers, also called transition words or adverbial conjunctions, can be used to begin sentences.

Put a comma after most linkers (except Then).

            Linkers follow a period with a capital letter:
                        She doesn't type very fast. In addition, she can't spell.
                        She works fast. Consequently, she finishes early.
            or they can follow a semi-colon with a small letter:
                        She doesn't type very fast; in addition, she can't spell.
                        She works fast; consequently, she finishes early.
Remember: a period or semi-colon before the linker--a comma after the linker!
           
Here are some sentences showing how to use 64 common linkers:

talking about the present time

 1. These days, computers are available in most public schools and libraries.
 2. Nowadays, women get heart attacks almost as often as men do.
 3. In this day and age, technology is present in every facet of our life.
 4. Currently, the economy is strong.
 5. At the present time, the President is facing political difficulties.

talking about the historic past

 6. A long time ago, there were no computers in schools.
 7. In the past, people went to the river to get drinking water.
 8. Formerly, slaves did much of the work in this country.
 9. In the old days, kings and princes ruled people's lives.

giving additional examples and reasons

10. He's too weak to do heavy labor. In addition, his memory is failing him.
11. I think he's a boring teacher. What's more, he doesn't know his subject.
12. I don't have time to read Shakespeare. Besides, I don't understand him.
13. She's always late for work. Besides this, she loses important files.
14. The school doesn't have money for books. Furthermore, the building is old.
15. I am too busy to help you. Moreover, I think you can do it by yourself.
16. She's smart and beautiful. On top of that, she's kind and considerate.

giving the truth

17. I don't like little Ricky. To tell the truth, I think he's a monster.
18. He says he's a vegetarian. In fact, he eats seafood on occasion.
19. He calls himself a "professor." Actually, he's only a teaching assistant!

giving information which is against normal expectation

20. His liver was in bad shape. That notwithstanding, he continued to drink.
21. He loved her very much. However, he didn't ask her to marry him.
22. She hated him. Even so, she accepted all of his dinner invitations.
23. The boy got F's on all his exams. All the same, the teacher passed him.
24. I wasn't hungry. Still, I had dinner with the family and ate a lot.
25. I hated that job with a passion. Nevertheless, I stayed for ten years.
26. She spent hours in the hot kitchen. Regardless, he didn't touch her food.


giving the bright side or the sad side

27. She was hit by a car. Fortunately, she wasn't killed.
28. He lost his house in the hurricane. Happily, his whole family survived.
29. She inherited a million dollars. Unfortunately, she invested the money badly.
30. He did everything to make her happy. Sadly, she never grew to love him.

showing consistencies and similarities

31. He worked hard to make his wife happy. Likewise, she took good care of him.
32. He treated his workers well. In the same way, he did everything for his kids.
33. The lady was an angel. Similarly, her husband helped the poor in their town.

showing inconsistencies or dissimilarities

34. He was handsome and smart. On the other hand, he dressed very badly.
35. Falcons fly 200 miles per hour. In contrast, ostriches can't fly at all.

stating what is clearly true or probably true

36. He sang and danced on his way to work. Obviously, he liked his job.
37. He always took his kids to the park. Undoubtedly, he loved them a lot.
38. He gave vacation time and sick leave. Surely, his workers appreciated it.
39. He was invited to all the parties. Indeed, he was quite popular.
40. He kept closing his eyes while I was speaking. Apparently, he hadn't slept well.
41. He couldn't recognize his friends. Possibly, he had Alzheimer's disease.

showing a direct result

42. We were tired and hungry. Therefore, we stopped to rest and eat lunch.
43. He went out dancing every week night. Consequently, he failed his class.
44. He studied hard and did all his homework. Thus, he got A's most of the time.
45. He worked seven days a week, twenty hours a day. As a result, he got sick.


____________________________

Example of narration:


Larry and Harry

            On reflection, I really loved Larry a lot, but I knew I shouldn't keep going out with him! First of all, he cursed and swore all the time, on the street and even in church! Secondly, he dressed like a child, in torn, dirty jeans.
            At first, I thought he was youthful and free-spirited, but then I realized that he was just immature. Next, I found out that he still lived with his mother, and a little later, I found out that he didn't even have a job. After this, somebody told me that he was living on money that his dead father had left him and that he had never worked a day in his life.
            After some careful thought, I told him to stop calling me, but despite that, he kept leaving messages on my phone. Soon, he gave up calling me, and finally, I was rid of him.
            Gradually, I got used to being without him even though I missed him. Little by little, I started going out again, and after a while, I met some really nice guys at parties. After some time, I began dating men, and eventually, I met Harold, who is my current husband.

            Hopefully, my daughter will meet somebody who is funny and free-spirited like Larry was, but, with any luck, he will also be responsible and considerate like her father is. In the future, I will be ready to give her a mother's advice when she starts dating men.


29 Oct 2017

PAST PERFECT

When talking about the past, we often refer to different points in the past, and for these different points in the past we have different past tenses. PAST PERFECT is the tense used to talk about an action that happened before another in the past.
Let's see an example:

Last summer I went to Ireland. It wasn't the first time I was there, I had visited Dublin in 2007.

(2007 is previous to last summer, so the action that happened before - in 2007 - is expressed in Past Perfect)


Anyway, Matías will explain it to you:


Let's see some more examples:



And now, here you are some practice:

REMEMBER!
                   
         The expression "By the time" is followed by a simple tense (present or past, depending on the tense we are talking):
By the time he arrived, I had already left
Para cuando él llegó, yo ya me había marchado